2.
   2023
/  

: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-1
1.     :
() 
() 
2.     -   
-II
3.          
4.            
-III
5.      
2.
6.           
-IV
7.     ?   
8.            
   2023
/  

: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-1
1.     :
() 
() 
:   
   
, ,           
     ,      ,     
2.
  , ,           
   
         
  ?
  , ,         '    
          
;   ,  ,
           '   , 
  ,        
    
   " "        :
   
    -   
         
      
  , ,  -   ,      
                
, ,        
  
               
  
 ,             ,
 ,      ,      
    ?
 Laggi   '   :



  
   
   ,   -        
 
2.
            ,  -  
                
 ,     
 ,          - ,  , ,  
 
 '  
    ,       -    
         ,          
   
  ?
  , ,    '        '  
               
  , ,    
 
""       ,          
        
    
           
:
     
 
        
         
 ,      
  ,     
       
  ,  ,          
  
   '     :
  ()
   
 , ,       
2.
            ,       
        
       

 
    ?
   '     :
  
 
  
   
          '  ,    
-     
 
              ,  
         ,   , ,  
                 
     ( )
     ,          :




,  , 
, , 

  
   

    
   
 
, , 
, , 

     
    
 ,      ,        

                , 
      ,           
,    
      
     
2.
 
   ,  , ,    
   
      
  ,  
      ,     '
              ,  ,
      ,        
 
2.     -   
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
       ,        
          (1822–1887),     ,
   ,    -     
  ,     ,     
   
 :      (1830–1918)   
 (1842–1913)    ,        
               , 
  ,      '   
 :        ,   ,
    ( )   ( ) '   
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :         ,    

,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.  
 :   ' 
 ():  -    '  
 :     
    :  ,     -
     
  :    
     -
2.  
2.
 :    ,      
 :,    ' 
 :    ()        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
:
o  - -,     
o   - -,    
o   (1883–1960)-        
o   (1910–1970)-       
o   (1938–2022)  ,  
  
:
o          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
      
 -        
  
 :
1.   :          

2.   :       
3.  :        ' 

4.  ' :     ,      
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
            , 
,  ,            
        
;   
 , 

 ,        
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
           ,   
               
    ,  ,      ' 
         ,      
          
2.
-II
3.          
:     
 
      ,  
  '    
         ,     ,
       ,      -    
       ,       : 
 
     
;   
 ,   , 
             

    , ,   ,     
      
     -
    ,           
                
 -
                    
   
    ,    ,   
  ,            ,  
  ,           ,   
  ,  '        -,    
        
 -      
 
  
     
   , ,    
               
              
 
        
 
        ,        
 ,   ,   ,      
2.
     -  -,    
       ,     
   ,        
             
 ,     
       - 
;     ,
        
    
  ,            
               
         ,     
    
 ,  ,           
 ,       
 ,    
 
             
         ,    
  
     
       :
,        '     '
 () •        
              
 ,      
            
 
 ,     ,          
           
  
,           
  
      
  
2.
  ,             
   ,            
               
     
       
,         
 , ,            
     
,    -      
   ' 
                
     
 ,        
        ,     

      
,  -    
,   ,           
      ,  ,  - 
   
 
 ,        
     
    
  
     
     ,    
      

              
    
 
     :
          
           
 
,      ,      ,   
  ,           
    
 
 -  , , ,    
2.

              
    ,         
 ,        -     
   
     
        
 ,  ,  
                
 ;  , 
,            
             
4.            
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
     ,          ,
 -             -   
         (   )    
  
;        ,    ,   

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            ,
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ?
    ,    ' , , ,    
 
   ,        ,   
 
    ,      '   
 ,  ,           
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
     
 -         ,
    
 :
2.
1.   :   (6 )   (8 )   
        
2.  : ,  ,       
  
3.      :      ,
    ,       ,   
   
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,        -      
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.    
           
,       ,       
     
         ,     
 

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     "    " ,       
   
2.     
  ',          - , ,
   
    ,     ,   
    
        
,      
3.     
   ;       ,       

      -    
          
4.      
    ,      
            , 
   
2.
       
  
5.  
    ,  ,      
    
     ,       
 ,           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
          ,    
        ,       ,  
  ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
 :      ,    


 :           
,       
 :          
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,   
 -   ,     


󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.      :       
          

2.   :    ,    
    
3.  :   
  ,   
    
4.  :,   '     ,   
   
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
         
   
    ,  
   
      
   ,         
-   
2.
-III
5.      
:  ?
     ,            

"1, 2, 3, 4…"      ,       
 
  ,     
    :
    
         
            
  ,                
         
  ?
     
 
         '    (  ) 
           14   
   ,        -  
       ,    '    
  :
 = 14  = 2 + 4 + 4 + 4
  1  14      , 
   :
        
                 ,
    ( )     
           , 
  
            
,    
 
2.
  ?
    -  - 
     ,   (, , , ,    ) 
       :
        
             
  '  (   ) '   
         -     
  
   
 ,     
     
 
   :
   ' 
    
    
 
    :


 
    ' " "  ,   
     
 
, 
 :
 =  
 = 14   
 =       
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
2.
     
󺆅󺆯󺆱󺆲󺆳󺆰
      
  
   
 , 
  
 :
 14-     
       
     
    '     
   '         ',  
 '    :
 
   
 
     ()
        
 1
  |    |   -      |   | 
 ,               
   
 2
   |    |        | | 
 ,           
  
 ?
2.
           ,   ,  
  :
   
   
    
     
   
            
           
 
  
     -     :
        
        
       ,   14  
 ,         
             
    
   ,          
      
6.           
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
,        ,        
     ',  ,        ,  
 ,           ,    
   ,      ,  , ,  , 
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :            -
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
2.
18
   ,         

   '  ()    ,       -
, , , ,   
20
 ,   ,   ,     
    ' ,       
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.    
         ,    ,  
   
 
            
 ,   -    
   
  -             
 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,        
,  
          '    

2.    
         ,      
    
             
   
            

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ("   ")    
     ,      '   


3.   
         
 ,   ,       
         
 ,    
  
4.    
2.
   ,        
  
             

       
  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     -,        , 
      
5. - 
   ,       
  
        -  , ,    
       
   
 -    
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
  
1. :              

2.  :   ( )       

3. :  -      ,    
   
4.  :      ,   
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  -     ,        , 
     ,           , 
  ,       


󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
  :          
  ,  :      
 : -      
,   
 :      ,   
  
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
       
    
,      - ,    

 
   ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
: ,        "  "   
   
:     ,       

:        
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
         ,    
              
 
,        , ,    
   ,           
-IV
7.     ?   
: 
     ,  
  '   , 
  ,  ,            
      
       
             ,   
  ,      
      
         
    ,          ,
        ,     
          ,      
          ,     
 
               
   
;            ,
2.
        
   ,  
      , ,      
          
󽇐    ?
       ()     
   
   :
        
      
              
   
 '      
       ,     ,       
        ',          
 :
  
 
    
   
 ,    , ,  -,    ' 
 
󽇐     
           
    ,  
         , ,  , , ,
             
   
 :
         
           
          
-       
2.
 ,    ,   
,   
󽇐      
        ,      '  
         '     
 :
 
6 
   
       
 () 
8 
, ,     
        

16 
  
         
 
7 
    
 -       

12 
  
     
   -           
   
     ,    ,    ,
             
2.
󽇐    
                 ,
     
,     ,  , 
,              , 
      :
   
   
         
       
      ,  
     
󽇐     
    ,  ,       
     :
  (, ,   )
   
 
   
             
        
󽇐    
          ,       
   :



  ,         ,    
 :
 
 
2.
    
󽇐    
?
1.           

2.       
,      
3.            
4.   ,       
 
5.     ,     '  


󽇐
        
;     
           ,    
  ,            
        -   ,   ,   

    
,           
,   ' ,   '     ' 
    , , ,        
    
    
 -   
  
8.            
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
,    -  (  )   (  ) -   -  
  
         '        
  ,        ,   , ,  
           ,     ,
   '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :     

 -    ,   
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
2.
   '       ,  ,  -    
    
  ,     ()   
             
   :   ,    ( ) ,  
       
 :    ,    ( ),  
    
  :          
  ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             
  
           
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
          -     
-  ()   
  : (8 )   (6 )    
         ,   
  
:          
 
  :    ,     
  ,         
  :         
 ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :         -      
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
 
     ,          
            
 : ,          
    
 :              
 ,              
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
         '     
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
    ,          


 :, ,   ,     , 
 ,     
 
 :   
     , 
      
:    
""  ,      
        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
 -        
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
    
         
   
  :       ,  
 
 :         

: '         
 
 :   
     
   ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
       ( )    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
    ,      :
 :       
, 
  
   
 :          ,  
     
 :,         ,  
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    -       -      '   
  
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
      :
 ( )    ,   
 
 ( ) ,   
  ,    
  -            
 
 ,          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
       -    ,   
        ,    ,  
 ,            
   ,        ,  
       
"              
 
       ,       
 "